APUNTES DE GÉNERO E IDENTIDAD EN LOS ESTUDIOS INGLESES, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

¡Descarga APUNTES DE GÉNERO E IDENTIDAD EN LOS ESTUDIOS INGLESES y más Apuntes en PDF de Idioma Inglés solo en Docsity! APUNTES GÉNERO E IDENTIDAD EN LOS ESTUDIOS INGLESES 2016/2017 Male chauvinism – machismo Judith Butler – gender trouble Patriarchy: economy, society, ideological, literary, historical (control) Definition: prominence of the male over the female and other social groups (animals, lgtb, children…) Sex/sexuality (pregnancy) Man alliances (not women) Matrilineality (lineage) + Matrifocality (residence) Anthropology (back in time) Women’s identity and historical experience The formation of literary cannons, excluded until 1970s academic feminism The politics of aesthetic evaluation and the consideration of the woman writer The concept of gender as a category of social and cultural configuration Women’s contribution to the literary tradition in English Harold Bloom – ‘The western cannon’. Female – biological // Feminine – cultural // Feminist – Ideological Misogyny in the western philosophical tradition Aristotle – female – mutilated male (‘Generation of animals’ and ‘History of animals’) ‘Weaker and colder in nature’ – snake ‘Compassionate’, ‘Easily moved to tears’, ‘Jealous, querulous, desperate’, ‘fable of speech’, ‘retentive memory’ – bad usage. THE CHURCH FATHERS AGUSTINE (354-430) Denies the possibility of education (ignorance) + Campaign against women THOMAS AQUINAS (1223-1274) Defective, mannequin, damp… Subject women for your good/sake Cynical – disguised reason HEINRICH KRAMER AND JAMES SPRENGER (DOMINICAN FATHERS) – 15TH CENTURY Middle ages – dark ages ‘The malleus maleficarum’ (1486) – evil Witchcraft- women (sexual urges with demands) – worship Satan Papal approval given to the methods of identifying ‘witches’ (torture to expose and eradicate witchcraft) Widows, single women, and knowledge/challenge The patriarchal society and religion, or any kind of power, medicine based on nature The control of priests Between 30.000 and 7 million women condemned as witches (through the centuries) CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVE ON THE MALLEUS MALEFICARUM To ape – imitate 1928 – Anglican English priests, does and edition of the book he points out: quotations The Enlightment Kant (1724-1804) – doll Rousseau (1767) – no education, weak and passive G. W. Hegel (1821) Whimsical – caprichosa Hysteria – state of impressive nerves (womb) Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) – childish, frivolous, short-sighted…. Envy? Comparison with animals – no soul, physical creatures, women as ants Literature – Audience – public sphere (men) The small courtly audience gives way to a larger reading public Literary: educated people Middle class women achieve an unprecedented visibility (earlier on only seen in aristocratic figures or nuns) However, the place of women in society was confined to the private sphere. To challenge patriarchal authority was published Hutchinson, Anne: ‘the authoritarian controversy’ American women writers in the 17th century Rowlandson, Bradstreet, Kemble Knight (‘the journals of Madame Knight’) – colonial writers The 17th century in England Civil war: 1642 – 1649 Charles the first: executed Richard Cromwell’s Republic: France’s integrum + Puritan + Banned everything of entertainment 1660: Restoration of Monarchy: Charles II 1660: Foundation of the Royal Society; to promote science, knowledge, advances, philosophy… Copernicus (1543) and Galileo Galilei (1642) – Heliocentric theory The new science: from metaphysics to physics Newton: the gravity law (1687) – symbolic power of God Exile of English society to France Short list of writers: 1) Mary Wroth 2) M. Cavendish (1623 – 1673) 3) Aphra Behn (1640 – 1689) – Oronooko (1688) Anne Hutchinson (1591 – 1643) Not a writer Feminine challenge of the patriarchal society Gender, power relations and theocracy Status quo: official establishment order of things God – Men – Women Open discussion about the bible Don’t accept the classical interpretations of the life (danger and challenging) – Illegal Antinomian: 36-38 – The gospel dispensation of grace, the moral law is of no use or obligation (gift /bless) Evangelic, word of Christ One who rejects the social morality established God and humankind – Transcendentalism Church – imposes, establishes, regulates Trials Arthur Mille – ‘the crucible’ – 3 husbands Governor John Winthrop – doubly dangerous (Church and patriarchy) – colonial Mary Astell (1666 – 1731) First English feminist 1700 – ‘Reflections upon a marriage’ Covered her firm (disguised as a man) ‘A serious proposal’ – Religious place in society ‘If all men are born free, now is it that all women are born slaves’ M. Cavendish (1623 – 1673) Wife of the Newcastle Dutch – ‘Mad Madge’ Scientist, philosopher and poet. The Atomic circle (Paris) – discussion about science The Royal Society (1660) – she joined in 1667 Wanted to become famous (ambition) ‘The Blazing World’ – science fiction ‘Atomic poems’ – science Aphra Behn (1640 – 1689) English dramatist, novelist and poet. First professional woman writer in England Famous for her ‘Scandalous’ plays – women in the theatre (Restoration) Prostitutes / public woman – eventful life history Oronooko (1688) – based on her experience (colonial) *Poetry: classical, pastoral, courtly, traditional, English lyrics models Innovative and challenging Homo and sexual issues ‘The disappointment’- impotence, rape Lesbian poems? – ‘Clarinda’ *Theatre: sexuality, lack of respectability, actresses Exploited the commercial potential in female roles as a heroines, prostitutes and mistresses – Voyeuristic charm Sarah Kemble Knight (1666- 1727) Businesswoman and diarist Journey to Washington D.C. from Boston – 306km (1704-05) TOPIC 3: THE ENLIGHTMENT: WOMEN’S RIGHTS AND POLITICAL WRITINGS Advance in the fields of human rights and democracy 1778 – American Independence 1789 – French Revolution Women – the growing ideology of sentimentality and domesticity encoring the development of ‘feminized’ genres: 1) The ladies’ magazine (domestic and practical) 2) Children’s books 1791- Declaration of the Rights of Women and the female citizen Judith Sargent Murray (1751-1870) (Post-revolutionary period) American essayist, poet, dramatist,… (Republican ideals) Republican motherhood: women had to serve the nation and the families American identity / American citizenship (Identity of the nation) Universalism – 1º church to draw women as priests In order to succeed, women must be schooled in virtue so they could teach their children, 1º American female academics were founded in the 1790s Male feminists or supporters of women’s rights Jeremy Bentham (Utilitarian) – ‘Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation’ (1781) Society – for the wealth of the people as many as possible (divorce) 1) Equal rights for women and the right to divorce 2) Individual and economic freedom 3) The separation of Church and state 4) Freedom of expression 5) The decriminalising of homosexual acts 6) The abolition of slavery and the death penalty 7) Abolition physical punishment, including children Strong favour of the extension of individual legal rights. ‘on the admission of women to the rights of citizenships’ Marques de Condorcet (1790) Revolution – who is a citizen? Who has the rights? William Enfield – review of Wollstonecraft’s Vindications William Godden Alexander Jourdan – ‘Letter from barbary, France, Spain, Portugal and Colonies’ Thomas Starling Norgate: ‘On the rights of woman’ (1794-95) TOPIC 4 AND 5: THE 19TH CENTURY (ENGLAND AND EE.UU.) The Romantic period: 1798-1832 1798- Lyrical Ballads (Wordsworth and Coleridge) Victorian Age: 1832-1901 In America: Early Republic 1776-1860 + Reconstruction and Post-war: 1885-1900 The impact of the Industrial Revolution (Society and culture) Factories, railroads, printing, telegraph. Spirit of progress and early capitalism Literary Reflections: 1) Wordsworth: XLII. Steamboats, viaducts and railroads (1833); welcoming I.R. (nature), sublime, hope of the people 2) Whitman’s ‘To a locomotive in winter’ 1876 Negative Aspects: 1) Dreadful condition of the works in the factories for women and children William Blake – ‘Dark Satanic Mills’ Short list of women writers: 1) Elizabeth Gaskell: ‘Mary Barton’ (1848) 2) Charlotte Bronte: ‘Shirley’ (1849) 3) Rebecca Harding Davis: ‘Life in the Iron Mills’ (1861) (Antecedent of the Naturalism) Economic and political consequences Rise of the Imperialism – raw materials + markets Development of the British Empire + Liberalism In America: American Imperialism, Slavery, Extermination of native populations American Civil War (1861-1865) – Industrial North and Agrarian South 1848 – The Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty Women’s movements and advances 1) 1831- The Westminster Review, advocating female suffrage 2) The Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) – First women Feminism – Declaration of Independence 3) Female education 4) Colleges for women in London (1848-1871); English kind (male), Colonies (women) 5) Female Reform Societies and Female Political Unions The woman question – ‘New woman’ – The awakening The Bostonian Marriage – Lesbian Sarah Grand – ‘the new aspect of the woman question’ 1894 New fiction of women – ‘the novel of Awakening’ Women’s movements: 1) The Dress Reform Movement – against corsets 2) The Abolitionist Movement 3) The Temperance Movement Woman’s sphere, opposing forces / movements (Reaffirmation) – ‘the cult of True womanhood’, conservative. ‘The Angel in the House’ (1854) – Ideology : the ‘art’ of fainting, fidelity, passivity (Fragile), the creation of the opposite stereotype: the fallen woman, whore, monster, unnatural mother, nymphomaniac… Freud- hysteria Literary embodiments, Jane Eyre, Dicken’s Black House Male supporters of the women’s rights: 1) John Stuart Mill 2) W. Lloyd Garrison 3) Frederic Douglass Coming out socially – Revealing Kate Chopin – social game (women) The ‘New Negro Movement’ (Rights of Negro and abolition of Segregation and Jim Crow laws) – written law (social), Hospitals, schools (public)… Remarkable figure: Rosa Parks + Langston Hughes Journal ‘Crisis’, NAACP Zora Neale Hurston African – American writer and anthropologist Harlem Renaissance, most famous ‘The Queen of the Nigeratti’, was called like that. ‘Atti’ – writer Work- ‘Their eyes were watching God’ – (1937) 1928- ‘How it feels to be coloured me’ – childhood Zitkala – Sa Lakota name vs. American one: Gertrude Simmons; Related with Leslie Marmon Silko Sioux tribe in South Dakota 1924- American citizenship Mixed- Judean + white Indian boarding school experience (Australia, New Zealand…) 1901- ‘Old Indian legends’ – oral tradition – ritual, ceremonies… Thoreau- real transcendentalism 1902- ‘Why I am Pagan’. ‘A warrior’s daughter’ 1911- ‘Society for the American Indian’ Topics- Acculturation, Assimilation, Cultural genocide… 1924- Citizenship grated Virginia Woolf Key figure as theorist and novelist Critique of politics of patriarchy and misogyny in public institutions in Great Britain: university, church, court and the military ‘Blooms bury’- Lived there- middle family quite well-off ‘Professions for women’ (1931), Purity Confessional poets (club) ‘Orlando: A biography’ (1928), ‘Three Guineas’ (1931, how to prevent the war Attack against men and government The 20th century (II) Consequences of the end of the W.W. II for women. The acquiescent and conservative 1950s. Ike Eisenhower - won the war – president (hero) Robert Lowell: ‘The tranquilized fifties’ (calm pills…) ‘Suburbanization of America’, suburban wives – unhappy life (everything ready) Reaction in the 1960s – 1970s: 1) Women’s Liberation Movement: 2º wave of Feminism, 1960s-1980s 2) 1966- NOW (National Organization of Women), Burning bras… Academic Feminism Betty Friedan, Kate Millet, Dale Spenser… Women’s degree program Sylvia Path + Anne Saxton (Confessional poets) Autobiographical writing (Anais Min, Woolf…), lesbian writers Post-colonial experience in life 1) Nadine Gordimer – Apartheid 2) Anita Desai 3) Arundhati Roy – Indian writer; ‘The God of small things’ (1997), international fame Revisionist Romance Fay Weldon English author and playwright. The most popular woman writer of the second half of the 20th century 1983- ‘The life and loves of a she-devil’ Controversial writer, ambiguous relationships with the feminist movement TOPIC 8: GENDER, RACE AND MULTICULTURALISM The challenge of white, middle-class, heterosexual feminisms African – American writers and theorists Andre Lorde in ‘Sister Outsider’. Racial issue. (White vs. black) Alice Walker. Literature and activism. Womanism = Black feminism Toni Morrison. Novel prize for literature in 1993. ‘The Bluest Eye’ (1970), ‘Beloved’ (1987) – slavery Asian – American writers Elaine H. Kim (literary critic), white objectification (Chinese or Japanese?) People of Asian descent who either born in the United States or that have emigrated at an early state Historical Overview of Asian Immigration 1763- Filipino’s settlement of Saint Malo (Louisiana) 1778- Chinese sailors in Hawaii 19th century- Sugar plantations, temporary sojourn Mid-19th century- Transcontinental Railroad by Chinese workers, completed in 1869 1903- Korean people to the plantation (Hawaii) Historical Landmarks 1882- Chinese exclusion Act. Repealed in 1943 1924- Immigration Act (Asian exclusion Act-Yellow peril ‘Chinatown’) Japanese internments during W.W. II: Roosevelt’s executive order 9066 of 1941- Relocation centres from 1942 to 1945 Immigration Act of 1965- 3% of foreign-born Korean War: 1950-1953 1988: President Reagan apologized for the internment, with about $1.6 billion in reparations Racism and white cultural imperialism Ceremony (1977) Chicano writers 1848- America vs. Mexico Discriminated, segregation, oppression… California, New México, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, Colorado and Wyoming Second.-class citizenship for Mexicans Issues of class, identity, gender and ethnicity ‘We feed them cactus’ (1953), first Chicano novel ‘Coyote’, cross over to the States, cruelty Main Chicano writers Denise Chávez Ana Castillo ‘The Mixquiahula letters’ Helena María Viramontes Sandra Cisneros ‘The house on Mango Street’ Gloria Anzáldua ‘Borderlands: La Frontera’, ‘the New Mestiza’ (1987) Helena María Viramontes (1954) ‘The moths and other stories’ (1985), Arte público press The struggle of Chicano women to cope with the household, society and culture Identification with her mother and the sense of motherhood Stream-of-consciousness narrative, multifocal and local narrative (time); Gabriel García Marquéz Parental relationships with other texts (Important) HOW IS GOING TO BE THE EXAM 1º PART: 5 Quotations – We have to point out the author and the title of the work 2º PART: - 2 Quotations – Theoretical / Philosophical work - 4 Quotations – Literary work Essay: Connection between the other texts, topics (misogyny, historical and social situation of women, patriarchal ideology, social discourses…) Provide: structured information, who is talking (what, when, where… Everything matters)